Evaluation of Maternal Risk Factors in Preterm Neonates and their Clinical Outcome in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Abstract

Introduction: Preterm birth is a significant global health concern with various maternal risk factors and clinical outcomes. This study aims to understand the prevalence of preterm birth worldwide and specifically in India, as well as the complications and long-term consequences associated with it. Additionally, the economic burden and regional disparities in preterm birth outcomes are explored, along with the factors contributing to the rising prevalence of preterm birth.

Material and Methods: The objectives of this study include investigating the incidence of preterm birth, analyzing the distribution of birth weights, identifying maternal and obstetric risk factors associated with preterm birth, examining the association between mode of delivery and preterm birth, and assessing the morbidities observed in preterm neonates. The study is conducted using a specific sample size and inclusion criteria, and ethical considerations are taken into account.

Results: In this study of 55 preterm neonates, various morbidities were observed. Hyaline membrane disease affected 14 neonates (25.45%), while birth asphyxia occurred in 6 neonates (10.90%). Sepsis was a major concern, developing in 40 neonates (72.73%). Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was seen in 26 neonates (47.3%), hypoglycemia in 17 neonates (30.9%), hypocalcemia in 33 neonates (60%), and hypothermia in 11 neonates (20%). Apnea of prematurity was predominantly seen in 9 neonates (16.36%), and shock affected 11 neonates (20%). Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) developed predominantly in 8 neonates (14.54%) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in 3 neonates (5.45%). Retinopathy of prematurity occurred in 2 neonates (3.6%), as did intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Nutritional inadequacy was a concern in 12 neonates (21.81%).

Conclusion: This study sheds light on the prevalence of preterm birth, identifies important risk factors, and highlights the morbidities associated with prematurity in neonates. The implications of this research extend to improving preventive measures and enhancing preterm care protocols.