Epidemiological Determinants of Common and Rare Cancers: A Hospital-Based Study in North India

Abstract

Background: Cancer remains a significant public health burden in India, with its incidence influenced by a complex interplay of sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Understanding these determinants is essential to tailor prevention and control strategies. The aim of the study is to identify the epidemiological determinants associated with common and rare cancers in patients attending a tertiary care center in North India. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 histologically confirmed cancer patients between May 2023 and October 2024 at a tertiary care hospital in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Data on sociodemographic variables, behavioral factors, and clinical history were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured schedule. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Chi-square test was applied to explore associations between independent variables and cancer type, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Significant associations were observed between cancer type and age (p = 0.000), gender (p = 0.000), occupation (p = 0.000), and socioeconomic status (p = 0.000). Common cancers were more prevalent in the 41 to 60 years age group and among females, while rare cancers were frequent in older males and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes. Behavioral factors such as tobacco smoking (p = 0.019), smokeless tobacco use (p = 0.007), and alcohol consumption (p = 0.019) were significantly associated with rare cancers. Although 73% of tobacco users noticed health warnings, 58.7% showed indifference, and only 15.7% reported quitting. Conclusion: The study concludes that age, gender, occupation, and substance abuse are major determinants of cancer type. Awareness initiatives alone are insufficient; comprehensive prevention strategies must also address behavioral change, socioeconomic disparities, and targeted screening efforts.